Wenqi Lu

Declining fertility is a common concern in high-income countries. One central cause is the gendered division of labor between spouses, in which women perform most domestic labor regardless of their education and career prospects, while men specialize in market work. This paper studies how this division shapes fertility through the non-pecuniary costs it imposes on women, including the disutility of a disproportionate childcare burden and lost career fulfillment, which vary with their gender role attitudes. Using data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, I estimate a life-cycle model in which spouses jointly decide on time allocation and fertility. The results show that gender role attitudes determine how women perceive the unequal division of labor and thereby shape their fertility decisions. Husbands’ long working hours limit their involvement in childcare, and reducing these hours raises fertility, particularly among progressive women. Moreover, a more equal allocation of paid and unpaid work between spouses preserves or increase the fertility gains, suggesting that greater gender equality need not come at the expense of fertility.

This paper examines how removing identity-based institutional restrictions affects women’s economic participation by exploiting the 2013 repeal of a longstanding headscarf ban in Turkey. We combine two nationally representative surveys and use statistical matching and machine-learning models to predict women’s veiling status and identify treatment effects by comparing veiled and non-veiled women’s labor market outcomes in a difference-in-differences framework. The repeal led to a significant rise in public sector employment among veiled women, driven by both higher employment rates and shifts away from self-employment and unpaid family work. In contrast, nonveiled women experienced a decline in public sector jobs, suggesting a substitution effect, with suggestive evidence of some increase in education–occupation mismatch among veiled women in the public sector after the repeal. Consistent with this pattern, effects are concentrated among more educated veiled women, the group most likely to qualify for public positions. We find no differential effects across regions with high and low veiling prevalence or local Islamist-party vote shares, suggesting that institutional access, rather than local acceptance or political favoritism, drives women’s labor market response to the reform.

This paper examines how money and time are allocated between spouses. Using evidence from Dutch couples, we show that within-household allocations and spousal preference alignment vary substantially across consumption, labor, and other time use decisions, with the strongest alignment in the labor domain. We propose an extended collective model that allows distributional preferences and preference alignment to hold narrowly within specific domains. Our structural nonparametric analysis then tests the homogeneity of household distributional concerns and links it with observable household characteristics, within each domain. Children and gender attitudes emerge as the key determinants of distributional concerns in time domains.

Joint experience between partners, or togetherness, are key benefits of marriage. Despite the importance, the allocation tradeoffs between togetherness and other household activities, and its relation to gender differences, remains limited understood. This paper captures time use and consumption allocation between spouses, with a particular focus on togetherness. The study shows that women place higher value on home-production, while men hold more bargaining power. This study also reveals a substitutable role between joint leisure time and expenditure. These patterns help explain the gender gap in time use and consumption within families.